(EMAF96)
EUROPEAN MEDIA ART FESTIVAL · 11-15 SEPTEMBER 1996 · OSNABRÜCK

Czech Vangarde 1911 - 1941

EMAF 1991


by Jaroslav Andel, Houston 1989

Some of the medium first explorers were Czech artists and critics who produced films and published essays between 1908 and 1918. The fact that progressive artists in Prague discovered film before vanguard artists in other countries still lacks general recognition in the West.

Emil Arthur Longen (Pittermann), a former member of the Expressionist group Osma (the Eight, 1907-08) and Max Urban, a member of the Cubist group Skupina vytvarnych umelcu (Group of Fine Artists, 1911-1917), ventured into filmmaking as early as 1910- 11 . Urban and his wife Anna Sedlackova founded the ASUM-Film, a company which was a major force in Czech cinema before the war.

To understand why experimental filmmaking started in Bohemia so early, one has to remember that Czech cinema was introduced as early as 1898. Before World War 1, more than one-third of the seven hundred movie theaters of the Austro Hungarian Empire were on Czech territory. Prague was also the home of a vibrant Modernist movement. Czech intellectuals analysed and praised the new medium before their contemporaries in New York, Paris, Berlin and Moscow. Vaclav Tille's essay "Kinema" (1908) stands as the first substantive outline of film theory and criticism, anticipating further developments for almost a decade.

During the 1920s, after the founding of the Czechoslovak Republic the group Devetsil (1920-31), the foremost organization of the Czech avant-garde, celebrated film as a role model for other art forms. In 1922 the group published two avant-garde anthologies designating film as the most modern of art forms. The essay "Foto Kino Film" by Karel Teige, a leading theoretician of the group, is the most significant manifesto of this trend. It synthesizes the various concepts and ideas that underlay the avant-garde's interest in the medium, including the notions of film as an integral, democratic, and international medium based on modern technology.

The Devetsil artists saw in film the art of the future which would replace traditional media. Inspired by the new medium, they adopted and combined collage, photomontage, typographical design and screenwriting into a new art form they called image poems and film poems. In 1923 Teige defined image poems as a "solution of problems shared by painting and poetry" and predicted that "sooner or later this fusion will probably incite the liquidation, which may be slow, of the traditional modes of painting and poetry."

In 1927 the Devetsil artists with other film enthusiasts foundet the Club for the New Film (Klub za novy film) and their goal was "to associate coworkers in the struggle for the creation of independent Czech film and to unite the formerly atomized attempts for a new filmic expression and for promotion of good films in general". The club attempted to go into film production on its own and to establish an avantgarde film theatre but failed.

Although the club remained only a debating platform that lasted one year, its agenda heralded things to come in the 1930s: festivals of avantgarde film, independent productions of expertmental, documentary, and narrative feature films, and professional film critictsm. The club also brought together artists and writers who later played important roles in these developments. Among its members, Vladislav Vancura, Jindrich Honzl, Jiri Voskovec and Jan Werich created influential narrative films in the 1930s.

The concept of independent film promoted by the club reappeared in the writings of Alexander Hackenschmied, a leading filmmaker and organizer of avantgarde film festivals and exhibitions of modern photography in 1930 and 1931. Hackenschmied's program of independent film included scientific, advertising, and other functional pictures: "It is not necessary to place an attempt at pure film art elsewhere than in a perfect scientific film, a perfect travel film, or a perfect advertising film. If any of these films is treated with an understanding of the needs and possibilities of film technique and if using them has best complied with its purpose without limiting the creative intentions of its author, then it is a good film. The independent film movement wants and protects good films."

This broader concept made it possible to see proviously separate film productions as one movement and helped to establish interchanges between different genres.

(This text is a shorter version of the essay "Artists as Filmmakers", in Czech Modernism 1900-1945, ed. by JaroslavAndel and Anne W. Tucker, Houston: The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 1989.)


FILMRETROSPECTIVE 1911 - 1941

Rudi na záletech
Rudi Fools Around

35 mm, 5:00, Stummfilm, s/w, CS 1911. Regisseure: Emil Artur Longen und Antonin Pech. Kamera: Antonin Pech.

Rudi sportsmanem
Rudi the Sportsman

35 mm, 9:00, Stummfilm, s/w, CS 1911. Regisseure: Emil Artur Longen und Antonin Pech. Kamera: Antonin Pech.

These two slapsticks were shot with spontaneity on location amid the recreational facilities of contemporary Prague. Rudi is the cabaret invention and embodiment of Emil A. Longen.

Ceske hrady a zamky
Czech Castles and Chateaux

35 mm, 9:00, Stumfilm, eingefärbt, CS 1914. Regisseur: Karel Hasler. Kamera: Josef Brabec.

Made as a prelude to the stage production Man without an Apartrnent the film consists of an actor's chase from a country-side castle to the Variété stage, where the plays awaits his entrance. Hitching rides, hijacking conveyances from speed-boats to trains, and managing a change to a top hat and tails, the tardy thespian, in his final stretch over the rooftops and chimneys of Prague, evokes the image of Fantomas.

Praha y zári svetel
Prague Shining in Lights

35 mm, 26:00, Stummfilm, s/w, CS 1928. Regisseur: Svatopluk Innemann.Kamera: Vacla Vich.

This teeming, mid length document of Prague's night life at the height of the roaring twenties is an important example of the city genre with parallels to Ruttmann's Berlin, The Symphony of a Great City (1927) and Vertov's Man with the Movie Camera (1929). A celebration of urbanity powered by electrical light, this was the first Czech film to exploit the newly developed, extremely sensitive panchromatic film stock.

Bezucelná procházka
Aimless Walk

35 mm, 10:00, Stummfi1m, s/w, CS 1930.Regisseur und Kamera: Alexander Hackenschmied.

Hackenschmied's first film, a first- person study of a young man who sets out for a distant Prague suburb, associates the spectator with the anonymous protagonist by means of a subjective camera. This unconventional vision evokes a lyrical melancholy in everyday reality while the walk becomes a metaphor for imagination or a mental trip.

The closing sequence (in which the man splits into two persons) links thematically to the director's later work in Meshes of the Afternoon (1943).

Svetlo proniká tmou
The Light Penetrates the Dark

35 mm, 7:00, Stummfilm, s/w, CS 1930. Regisseure: Frantisek Pilat und Otakar Vavra. Kamera: Frantisek Pilat.

Sculptor and designer Pesanek s kinetic sculpture projected rays of light for eight years from the facade of the Edison Transformer Station of the Prague Electric Company. Made before the sculpture's destruction in 1939 during the Nazi occupation, this short abstract film - contemporary to Moholy-Nagy's Lightplay: Black White Gray (Ein Lichtspiel: Schwarz Weiß Grau, 1930) encompasses the sculpture's Modernist theme.

Only this complex film document and still photographs survive.

Na Prazském hrade
Prague Castle

35 mm, 12:00, s/w, CS 1932. Regisseur und Kamera: Alexander Hackenschmied.

In his second film, a mobile, hand-held essay, Hackenschmied tried "to find the relationship between architectonic form and music". Hackenschmied had studied architecture and photography and set design before he turned to film.

Impressions of the soaring Gothic forms of St. Vitus Cathedral are framed from both pedestrian and bird's-eye views, matched to Frantisek Bartos' musical composition through the fluid rhythm of the editing.

Burleska
Burlesque

35 mm, 3:00, Stummfilm, s/w, CS 1932. Regisseur und Kamera: Jan Kucera.

The young journalist and film critic Kucera concocted a playful mixture of Surrealist trick shots and newsreel material; to express his pacifist sentiments through a spectrum of hidden poetic associations.

Zijeme v Praze
We Live in Prague

35 , 13:00, s/w, CS 1932. Regisseur: Otakar Vavra. Kamera: Jaroslav Tuzar.

On-the-street vignettes mixing social documentary with dramatic interludes fix Prague's landmarks and denizens with acrid observations.

Woven into this poetic reportage on the beauty, banality, vulgarity and optimism of Prague's irrepressible urbanity is a romantic encounter that progresses from stolen kisses in the shadow of St. Vitus to a breathtaking suicide leap from a bridge.

Atom vecnosti
The Atom of Eternity

35 mm, Original: 16 mm, 6:00, s/w, CS 1934. Regisseur und Kamera: Cenek Zahradnicek.

The course of spring passion and its volatile consummation are telegraphed with great style and fluency using the lexicon of avantgarde iconography.

Exagerated sexual metaphor (the trains rushes into, pulls out of and thrust back into the tunnel) takes this "art" film into the realm of self-parody.

Ruce v Utery
Hands on Tuesday

35 mm, Original: 16 mm, 11:00, s/w, CS 1935. Regisseur und Kamera: Cenek Zahradnicek.

Astellar cast of hands is caught in the personal acts of one day: playing, loving, communicating,

and resting. Extremely inventive scenarios, lifted from the pages of cheap detective novels or noticed in under-the-table, cafe flirtations, distinguish this amateur film.

Máj
May

16 mm, 16:00, s/w, CS 1936. Regisseure: Emil Frantisek Burian und Cenek Zahradnicek. Kamera: Cenek Zahradnicek.

This evocative short film was integrated into Burian's avantgarde stage dramatization of Karel Hynek Macha's nineteenth-century Romantic poem. Distorted close-ups of female body parts were enlarged almost to abstraction and projected on a scrim to complement simultaneous action on stage.

Cernobila rapsodie
Black and White Rhapsody

35 mm., 3:00, s/w, CS 1996. Regie: Fric.

With slick, kaleidoscopic camera effects, the prolific director Fric filmed this quick outdoor frolic involving pairs of women in duotone costumes. The film, backed by a sophisticated swing rhythm and hovering amusingly between a gymnastic celebration and a brilliant lingerie commercial, was in reality promotion for Fric's daughter's dance company.

Hra bnbunek
The Play of Bubbles, auch freigegeben als Fantaisie érotique

35 mm. 2:00, Gaspar-Farbe, CS 1936. Regisseur und Kamera: Karel Dodal und Irena Dodalova.

This animated advertisement for Saponia products features a jazzjingle, storks making deliveries to point across Czechoslovakia, playful abstract designs and the two-strip Gaspar-color process.

Silnice zpivá
The Highway Sings

35 mm, 4:00. s/w, CS 1937. Regisseure: Elmar Klos, Alexander Hackenschmied. Kamera: Alexander Hackenschmied und Jan Lukas.

The youthful ingenuity and playfulness brought to advertising by the avantgarde are evident in the low-budget special effects and photographic style of this Bata tire commercial. It was awarded first prize at the 1937 Paris exhibition.

Myslenka hledajici svetlo
The idea Seeking Light

35 mm, 10:00, s/w, CS 1938. Regisseure: Irena Dodalova und Karel Dodal. Kamera: Karel Dodal.

A precursor to computer-animated graphics, this imaginative abstract film combines various

patterns of light with a message for universal brotherhood.

Divotverne oko
The Magic Eye

35 mm, 10:00, s/w, CS 1939. Regisseur: Jiri Lehovec. Kamera: Vaclav Hanus.

A crossover between Functionalism and Surrealism, Lehovec's extreme close-ups allow his Freudian vision to unveil hidden connection between commonplace obgects.

Reviving the appeal of Dziga Vertov s pioneer "kino-eye" manifesto, the film seduces the viewer into a world inaccessible to the naked eye.

Rytmus
Rhythm

35 mm, 12:00, s/w, CS 1941. Regisseur: Jiri Lehovec. Kamera: Pavel Hrdlicka.

Divided into four parts, Rhythm explores, illustrates, and harmornizes in a dynamic conclusion the oldest as well as the most contemporary methods of visually representing musical perception.

Sequences move from a science lab with noir lighting, to a recording studio, to the animator's table, and finally to the projection room of a movie theatre.

All prints are from the Czechoslovak Film Archive (Ceskoslovenska filmotéka) in Prague. The checklist entries were written by Ralph McKay.



© 1996 Aug 12 EMAF / emaf@bionic.zerberus.de


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